負能量英文單字 (belittle)

(v2) 2. belittle (輕視)(menospreciar)
:  to speak slightingly of : disparage

decry, depreciate, disparage, belittle mean to express a low opinion of.

• decry implies open condemnation with intent to discredit.
• depreciate implies a representing as being of less value than commonly believed.
• disparage implies depreciation by indirect means such as slighting or invidious comparison.
• belittle usually suggests a contemptuous or envious attitude.

contempt (輕視)(desprecio)
a :  the act of despising :  the state of mind of one who despises :  disdain
b :  lack of respect or reverence for something

despise, contemn, scorn, disdain mean to regard as unworthy of one's notice or consideration.

• despise may suggest an emotional response ranging from strong dislike to loathing. 
• contemn implies a vehement (熱烈) condemnation of a person or thing as low, vile, feeble, or ignominious.
• scorn implies a ready or indignant (憤怒的) contempt.
• disdain implies an arrogant or supercilious (輕蔑的) aversion to what is regarded as unworthy.

proud, arrogant, haughty, lordly, insolent, overbearing, supercilious, disdainful mean showing scorn for inferiors. 

• proud may suggest an assumed superiority or loftiness. 
• arrogant (自負) implies a claiming for oneself of more consideration or importance than is warranted. 
• haughty suggests a consciousness of superior birth or position. 
• lordly implies pomposity or an arrogant display of power. 
• insolent implies contemptuous haughtiness. 
• overbearing suggests a tyrannical manner or an intolerable insolence. 
• supercilious implies a cool, patronizing haughtiness. 
• disdainful suggests a more active and openly scornful superciliousness.

(v2) 37. extol (讚美)(註：取其負能量反義字)
:  to praise highly :  glorify

<> scold, berate, chide, censure, condemn, decry, denigrate, denounce, deprecate, detract, disdain, disparage, execrate, excoriate, impeach, impugn, malign, rebuke, reproach, reprove, reprimand, reprehend, revile, vilify, vituperate, upbraid, pan, lambaste.


scold (責罵)
:  to censure severely or angrily :  rebuke

scold, upbraid, berate, rail, revile, vituperate mean to reproach angrily and abusively.

• scold implies rebuking in irritation or ill temper justly or unjustly. 
• upbraid implies censuring on definite and usually justifiable grounds. 
• berate suggests prolonged and often abusive scolding. 
• rail (at or against) stresses an unrestrained berating. 
• revile implies a scurrilous, abusive attack prompted by anger or hatred. 
• vituperate suggests a violent reviling.

censure (責備)
:  a judgment involving condemnation

criticize, reprehend, censure, reprobate, condemn, denounce mean to find fault with openly.

• criticize implies finding fault especially with methods or policies or intentions. 
• reprehend implies both criticism and severe rebuking.
• censure carries a strong suggestion of authority and of reprimanding.
• reprobate implies strong disapproval or firm refusal to sanction.
• condemn usually suggests an unqualified and final unfavorable judgment.
• denounce adds to condemn the implication of a public declaration.

chide (責備)
:  to voice disapproval to :  reproach in a usually mild and constructive manner :  scold

reprove, rebuke, reprimand, admonish, reproach, chide mean to criticize adversely. 

• reprove implies an often kindly intent to correct a fault. 
• rebuke suggests a sharp or stern reproof. 
• reprimand implies a severe, formal, often public or official rebuke. 
• admonish suggests earnest or friendly warning and counsel. 
• reproach and chide suggest displeasure or disappointment expressed in mild reproof or scolding.

denigrate (詆毀)

:  to attack the reputation of :  defame

Latin denigratus, past participle of denigrare, from de- + nigrare to blacken, from nigr-, niger black

defame (誹謗)

:  to harm the reputation of by libel or slander

malign, traduce, asperse, vilify, calumniate, defame, slander mean to injure by speaking ill of. 

• malign suggests specific and often subtle misrepresentation but may not always imply deliberate lying. 
• traduce stresses the resulting ignominy and distress to the victim. 
• asperse implies continued attack on a reputation often by indirect or insinuated detraction. 
• vilify implies attempting to destroy a reputation by open and direct abuse. 
• calumniate imputes malice to the speaker and falsity to the assertions. 
• defame stresses the actual loss of or injury to one's good name. 
• slander stresses the suffering of the victim.

(v1) 6. calumniate (誹謗)
1 :  to utter maliciously false statements, charges, or imputations about
2 :  to injure the reputation of by calumny

<> vindicate (證明...無辜)(to free from allegation or blame)

calumniate : falsehood = corroborate : evidence

faithless, false, disloyal, traitorous, treacherous, perfidious mean untrue to what should command one's fidelity or allegiance. 

• faithless applies to any failure to keep a promise or pledge or any breach of allegiance or loyalty. 
• false stresses the fact of failing to be true in any manner ranging from fickleness to cold treachery. 
• disloyal implies a lack of complete faithfulness to a friend, cause, leader, or country. 
• traitorous implies either actual treason or a serious betrayal of trust. 
• treacherous implies readiness to betray trust or confidence. 
• perfidious adds to faithless the implication of an incapacity for fidelity or reliability.

calumny : reputation = vandalism : property

vandalism (故意破壞公物、文化、藝術的行為)
:  willful or malicious destruction or defacement of public or private property

calumny : representation = perjury : deposition 

perjury (偽證) = forswear

:  the voluntary violation of an oath or vow either by swearing to what is untrue or by omission to do what has been promised under oath :  false swearing

Anglo-French perjurie parjurie, from Latin perjurium, from perjurus deliberately giving false testimony, from per- detrimental to + jur- jus law

abjure, renounce, forswear, recant, retract mean to withdraw one's word or professed belief.

• abjure implies a firm rejecting or abandoning often made under oath. 
• renounce may carry the meaning of disclaim or disown.
• forswear may add an implication of perjury or betrayal.
• recant stresses the withdrawing or denying of something professed or taught.
• retract applies to the withdrawing of a promise, an offer, or an accusation.

calumny : assert = perjury : testimony

---

參考資料：

• 方有毅
• http://www.merriam-webster.com/